Aqueous disinfectants and sterilants including transition metals

ABSTRACT

The present invention is drawn to disinfectant or sterilant compositions, which are human safe, e.g., food grade or food safe. In one embodiment, an aqueous disinfectant or sterilant composition can comprise an aqueous vehicle, including water, from 0.001 wt % to 50 wt % of a peracid, and from 0.001 wt % to 25 wt % of a peroxide. Additionally, from 0.001 ppm to 50,000 ppm by weight of a transition metal based on the aqueous vehicle content can also be present. The composition can be substantially free of aldehydes. Alternatively or additionally, the transition metal can be in the form of a colloidal transition metal.

This application is a divisional of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 11/361,837, filed Feb. 24, 2006, which claims the benefit of U.S. Provisional Application Ser. No. 60/656,723, filed on Feb. 25, 2005, each of which are incorporated herein by reference in their entirety.

FIELD OF THE INVENTION

The present invention is drawn to consumer safe compositions that can be used for a variety of purposes, including for hard surface cleaning, and which are effective as disinfectants or even sterilants.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

Disinfectants and sterilants, such as hard surface disinfectants and sterilants, are widely used in both domestic and professional settings. Generally, though both sterilants and disinfectants are used for the same purpose, i.e. to kill bacteria and/or viruses, etc., a sterilant composition exhibits a greater kill level compared to a disinfectant. This being stated, most applications require only disinfectant levels bacteria/virus reduction, though other applications benefit considerably from the use of sterilants. For example, in the medical/dental industries, hard surfaces such as floors, walls, countertops, medical/dental instruments and equipment, etc., need to be clean or even sterilized for safe patient care.

Exemplary of a commonly used hard surface cleaner is Lysol® disinfectant. Though Lysol® is effective for many applications; Lysol® is not as effective at reducing levels of bacteria as commercially available glutaraldehyde aqueous solutions. Glutaraldehyde aqueous solutions are widely used as disinfectants (and often as sterilants), and are commonly available in 1 wt % and 2 wt % solutions, particularly in medical and dental settings. Glutaraldehyde solutions are typically used for more delicate medical/dental instruments that would otherwise be susceptible to damage by other sterilization methods, e.g., autoclaving. However, glutaraldehyde is also a powerful irritant and respiratory sensitizer. In fact, there have been reports of sensitization of individuals due to the fumes, which have lead to respiratory problems, headaches, lethargy, discoloring of the skin, etc. Because of these issues related to glutaraldehyde fumes, air quality must often be monitored, or appropriate air ventilation must be present. As a result, though glutaraldehyde solutions are relatively effective disinfectants, and even sterilants, it would be desirable to provide compositions that can exhibit even more effective bacteria kill levels, and at the same time be safer for the individuals using the disinfectant/sterilant.

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

It has been recognized that it would be desirable to provide liquid solution and dispersion disinfectants that are effective for cleaning surfaces, particularly hard surfaces. In accordance with this, an aqueous disinfectant or sterilant composition can comprise an aqueous vehicle, including water, from 0.001 wt % to 50 wt % of a peracid, and from 0.001 wt % to 25 wt % of a peroxide. Additionally, from 0.001 ppm to 50,000 ppm by weight of a transition metal based on the aqueous vehicle content can also be present, with the proviso that the disinfectant composition is substantially free of aldehydes.

Another embodiment provides a food-grade disinfectant having a kill level of log 4 or greater against bacteria and bacterial endospore targets.

Additional features and advantages of the invention will be apparent from the detailed description that follows, which illustrates, by way of example, features of the invention.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENT(S)

Reference will now be made to the exemplary embodiments, and specific language will be used herein to describe the same. It will nevertheless be understood that no limitation of the scope of the invention is thereby intended. Alterations and further modifications of the inventive features illustrated herein, and additional applications of the principles of the inventions as illustrated herein, which would occur to one skilled in the relevant art and having possession of this disclosure, are to be considered within the scope of the invention. It is also to be understood that the terminology used herein is used for the purpose of describing particular embodiments only. The terms are not intended to be limiting unless specified as such.

It must be noted that, as used in this specification and the appended claims, the singular forms “a,” “an,” and “the” include plural referents unless the content clearly dictates otherwise.

The term “food grade” when used with respect to a composition of the present invention refers to a composition that is substantially free from ingredients which would be considered harmful or toxic to a mammal upon consumption above levels that are generally recognized as safe.

The term “solution” is also used throughout the specification to describe the liquid compositions of the present invention. However, as these “solutions” include colloidal transition metals, these compositions can also be described as dispersions or suspensions. As the continuous phase is typically a solution, and the transition metal is present as a colloid, for convenience, these compositions will typically be referred to as “solutions” herein

The term “substantially free” when used with regard to the disinfectant compositions of the present invention refers to the total absence of or near total absence of a specific compound or composition. For example, when a composition is said to be substantially free of aldehydes, there are either no aldehydes in the composition or only trace amounts of aldehydes in the composition.

Concentrations, dimensions, amounts, and other numerical data may be presented herein in a range format. It is to be understood that such range format is used merely for convenience and brevity and should be interpreted flexibly to include not only the numerical values explicitly recited as the limits of the range, but also to include all the individual numerical values or sub-ranges encompassed within that range as if each numerical value and sub-range is explicitly recited. For example, a weight ratio range of about 1 wt % to about 20 wt % should be interpreted to include not only the explicitly recited limits of 1 wt % and about 20 wt %, but also to include individual weights such as 2 wt %, 11 wt %, 14 wt %, and sub-ranges such as 10 wt % to 20 wt %, 5 wt % to 15 wt %, etc.

In accordance with this, an aqueous disinfectant or sterilant composition can comprise an aqueous vehicle, including water, from 0.001 wt % to 50 wt % of a peracid, and from 0.001 wt % to 25 wt % of a peroxide. Additionally, from 0.001 ppm to 50,000 ppm by weight of a transition metal based on the aqueous vehicle content can also be present, with the proviso that the disinfectant composition is substantially free of aldehydes. In another embodiment, an aqueous disinfectant or sterilant composition can comprise an aqueous vehicle, including water, from 0.001 wt % to 50 wt % of a peracid, and from 0.001 wt % to 25 wt % of a peroxide. Further, from 0.001 ppm to 50,000 ppm by weight of a colloidal transition metal based on the aqueous vehicle content can also be present.

In one embodiment, the disinfectant or sterilant composition can include only ingredients that are food-grade or food safe. For example, though not required, the composition can be substantially free of disinfectant ingredients commonly present in many commercially available surface cleaners. Examples of non-food-grade ingredients which can be omitted from the disinfectants or sterilants of the present invention include, but are not limited to, aldehydes such as glutaraldehyde; chlorine-based disinfectants; chlorine and bromine-based disinfectants; iodophore-based disinfectants; phenolic-based disinfectants, quaternary ammonium-based disinfectants; and the like.

The food-grade disinfectant compositions of the present invention can provide kill levels equal to and in some cases greater than the non-food-grade compositions. In one embodiment, the food-grade compositions can provide kill levels of greater than log 4. In another embodiment that food-grade compositions can provide kill levels of greater than log 5. In another embodiment the food-grade compositions can provide kill levels of greater than log 6. In yet another embodiment, the food-grade compositions can provide kill levels of greater than log 7. In still another embodiment the food-grade compositions can provide kill levels of greater than log 8. It is of note that the kill levels can vary depending on the components of the composition as well as the targeted organism and the substrate being disinfected cleaned. In most cases, the kill levels can be achieved within 15 seconds of applying the disinfectant composition. Prolonged exposure of the target organisms to the disinfectant compositions generally yields increased kill levels, however generally at least a kill level of greater than log 4 can be achieved within 15 seconds of exposure.

The aqueous vehicle can optionally include other ingredients, such as organic co-solvents. In particular, certain alcohols can be present. For example, alcohols, including aliphatic alcohols and other carbon-containing alcohols, having from 1 to 24 carbons (C₁-C₂₄ alcohol) can be used. It is to be noted that “C₁-C₂₄ alcohol” does not necessarily imply only straight chain saturated aliphatic alcohols, as other carbon-containing alcohols can also be used within this definition, including branched aliphatic alcohols, alicyclic alcohols, aromatic alcohols, unsaturated alcohols, as well as substituted aliphatic, alicyclic, aromatic, and unsaturated alcohols, etc. In one embodiment, the aliphatic alcohols can be C₁ to C₅ alcohols including methanol, ethanol, propanol and isopropanol, butanols, and pentanols, due to their availability and lower boiling points. This being stated, it has been discovered that polyhydric alcohols can be particularly effective in enhancing the disinfectant and sterilant potency of the compositions of the present invention, as well as provide some degree of added stabilization. Without being limited by theory, it is believed that the increased number of hydroxyl groups in the polyhydric alcohols enhance the potency of the disinfectant and sterilant solutions by interacting with the aqueous medium and the peracid thereby stabilizing the solution. The increase in the hydroxyl groups may also increase the number of hydroxyl radicals or groups in the disinfectant/sterilant solutions thereby further enhancing the potency or kill ability of the solutions/dispersions. Examples of polyhydric alcohols which can be used in the present invention include but are not limited to ethylene glycol (ethane-1,2-diol) glycerin (or glycerol, propane-1,2,3-triol), and propane-1,2-diol. Other non-aliphatic alcohols may also be used including but not limited to phenols and substituted phenols, erucyl alcohol, ricinolyl alcohol, arachidyl alcohol, capryl alcohol, capric alcohol, behenyl alcohol, lauryl alcohol (1-dodecanol), myristyl alcohol (1-tetradecanol), cetyl (or palmityl) alcohol (1-hexadecanol), stearyl alcohol (1-octadecanol), isostearyl alcohol, oleyl alcohol (cis-9-octadecen-1-ol), palmitoleyl alcohol, linoleyl alcohol (9Z,12Z-octadecadien-1-ol), elaidyl alcohol (9E-octadecen-1-ol), elaidolinoleyl alcohol (9E,12E-octadecadien-1-ol), linolenyl alcohol (9Z,12Z,15Z-octadecatrien-1-ol), elaidolinolenyl alcohol (9E,12E,15-E-octadecatrien-1-ol), combinations thereof and the like.

In some embodiments, for practical considerations, methanol, ethanol, and denatured alcohols (mixtures of ethanol and smaller amounts of methanol, and optionally, minute amounts of benzene, ketones, acetates, etc.) can often be preferred for use because of their availability and cost. If the desire is to provide a food grade composition, then alcohols can be selected that satisfy this requirement. The concentration of alcohol can vary over a wide range, such as from 0 to 95% by weight, but when present, can range from 0.001 wt % to 95 wt %, and more preferably, from 1 wt % to 50 wt %. Further, ranges of from about 5 wt % to 50 wt % can also be used, and still further, ranges from about 5 wt % to about 15 wt % can be also be used. As these ranges are merely exemplary, one skilled in the art could modify these ranges for a particular application, considering such things as whether alcohol selected for use is polyhydric, whether the alcohol is food grade, mixtures of alcohols, etc.

Regarding the transition metal, in accordance with the embodiments of the present invention, the metal can be in ionic form (e.g. a metal salt) and/or colloidal form. In one specific embodiment, the transition metal can be in a sub-micron form (i.e. dispersion of less than 1 μm metal colloidal particles). However, larger colloidal transition metal particles can also be used in certain applications. Typical transition metals that are desirable for use include Group VI to Group XI transition metals, and more preferably, can include Group X to Group XI transition metals. Alloys including at least one metal from the Group VI to Group XI metals can also be used. It is recognized that any of these metals will typically be oxidized to the corresponding cation in the presence of a peracid. However, with colloidal metals, typically, the surface is usually more susceptible to such oxidation. Further, when colloidal metals are dispersed in a colloidal solution, there is often an amount of the metal in ionic or salt form that is also present in the suspension solution. For example, a colloidal silver may include a certain percentage of a silver salt or ionic silver in solution, e.g., 10% to 90% by weight of metal content can be ionic based on the total metal content. This being stated, certain preferred metals for use in accordance with embodiments of the present invention are ruthenium, rhodium, osmium, iridium, palladium, platinum, copper, gold, silver, alloys thereof, and mixtures thereof. Silver is often the most preferred, depending on the application, the levels of kill that are desired or required, the type of pathogen being targeted, the substrate that is being cleaned, etc. Any of these embodiments can also benefit from the use of alloys. For Example, certain combinations of metals in an alloy may provide an acceptable kill level for a specific pathogen, and also provide benefits that are related more to secondary consideration, such as solution stability, substrate to be cleaned, etc. Preferred examples of transition metal alloys for use in the present invention include but are not limited to copper-silver allows, silver-manganese alloys, Iron-copper alloys, chromium-silver alloys, gold-silver alloys, and magnesium-silver alloys.

The concentration of the metal content, including ionic and/or colloidal content, that can be present in the solution is from 0.001 ppm to 50,000 ppm by weight, based on the content of the liquid vehicle as a whole. However, in another embodiment, the concentration of metal can be from 10 ppm to 1500 ppm by weight. Exemplary colloidal silvers that can be used include those sold by Solutions IE, Inc. under the tradenames CS Plus and C S Ultra. Other colloidal silver products that can be used as the silver source include ASAP, Sovereign Silver, Silver Max, and the like. If used in ionic form, preferred silver salts include but are not limited to silver nitrate, silver acetate, silver citrate, silver oxide, and silver carbonate. In one embodiment, the colloidal particles used in the present invention can have a particle size range of from 0.001 μm to 1.0 μm.

In another embodiment the colloidal transition metal particles can have a size range of from 0.030 μm to 0.5 μm. In still another embodiment the average particle size is 0.35 μm to 0.45 μm. Though any colloidal silver solution that is functional for use in the formulations of the present invention can be used, in one embodiment, it can be desirable to use RO water as the suspension medium for the colloidal silver that is mixed with the other ingredients. In a more detailed aspect, the RO water can also be distilled, resulting in 18-20 MO water, though this is not required.

The peracid (or peroxyacid) can be any aliphatic or aromatic peroxyacid that is functional for disinfectant purposes in accordance with embodiments of the present invention. While any peroxyacid could be used, peroxyacids containing from 1 to 7 carbons are the most practical for use. These peroxyacids can include, but not be limited to, peroxyformic acid, peroxyacetic acid, peroxyoxalic acid, peroxypropanoic acid, perlactic acid, peroxybutanoic acid, peroxypentanoic acid, peroxyhexanoic acid, peroxyadipic acid, peroxycitric, and/or peroxybenzoic acid and mixtures thereof. The peroxyacid used in the present invention can be prepared using any method known in the art. When the peroxyacid is prepared from an acid and hydrogen peroxide, the resultant mixture contains both the peroxyacid and the corresponding acid that it is prepared from. For example, in embodiments that utilize peroxyacetic acid, the presence of the related acid (acetic acid) provides stability to the mixture, as the reaction is an equilibrium between the acid, hydrogen peroxide, and the peroxyacid and water, as follows:

H₂O₂+CH₃COOH

CH₃COO—OH+H₂O

The peroxyacid portion of this formulation can range from about 0.001 wt % to about 50 wt %, but ranges from 0.001 wt % to 25 wt % are considered more desirable, and ranges from 1 wt % to 10 wt % are generally more preferred.

While hydrogen peroxide is considered to be a desirable peroxide for use in accordance with embodiments of the present invention, other peroxides can also be used, such as metal peroxides and peroxyhydrates. The metal peroxides that can be used include, but are not limited to, sodium peroxide, magnesium peroxide, calcium peroxide, barium peroxide, and/or strontium peroxide. Other salts (for example sodium percarbonate) have hydrogen peroxide associated therewith much like waters of hydration, and these could also be considered to be a source of hydrogen peroxide, thereby producing hydrogen peroxide in situ. The concentrations of the peroxide portion of this formulation can range from about 0.001 wt % to 25 wt %, but ranges of from 0.001 wt % to 10 wt %, and further, from 1 wt % to 3 wt % are often adequate for use.

The disinfectant and sterilant compositions of the present invention can be prepared for application by any of a number of methods. For example, the composition can be prepared as a solution, gel, foam, etc. As a solution, the composition can be used as a liquid dispersion bath for dipping instruments or other objects, as a spray for applying to less mobile objects, as a wipe where the liquid dispersion is applied to a fabric or fabric-like material for easy application without the need for spray or other application methods, as a topical dressing, as a mouthwash, etc. In other words, any application method known by those skilled in the art can be utilized in accordance with embodiments of the present invention.

Additionally, though the compositions of the present invention are described primarily as general disinfectants and/or sterilants, it is recognized that there are many other possible applications. For example, without limitation, the compositions of the present invention can be used to kill bacteria, spores, viruses, parasites, funguses, and molds. As described, this powerful composition can be used against all of these types of organisms with relative to complete safety to humans and other mammals.

Because these compositions can be formulated to be very safe, e.g., including only food grade components in one embodiment, these compositions can be used in areas which extend well beyond their use as hard surface disinfectants and sterilants. Such product categories include both topically and internally applied products for both humans and animals. For example, these compositions can be used for antiseptics, burn treatments, diaper rash products, and various skin care products. Alternatively, these compositions can be used inside the mouth, such as for mouthwashes, toothpastes, and various other disinfecting solutions that are be employed in dental mold materials. As dental molds are known to spread significant disease in the dental industry, such use with dental molds can prevent or reduce the spread of pathogens from a patient's mouth to lab employees working with the finished molds. Still a further category of use includes application for antibiotic and antiviral purposes. These compositions can be formulated into lozenges or gums for application to the mouth and throat, and can even be administered orally, intramuscularly, intravenously, etc. Because of the kill levels that can be achieved, even when formulated with only food grade components, a wide range of pathogens, as well as some viruses, can be killed internally. Without being bound by any particular possibility, these compositions can be useful in killing various viruses such as HIV, SARS, West Nile, Bird Flu, and others.

EXAMPLES

The following examples illustrate the embodiments of the invention that are presently best known. However, it is to be understood that the following are only exemplary or illustrative of the application of the principles of the present invention. Numerous modifications and alternative compositions, methods, and systems may be devised by those skilled in the art without departing from the spirit and scope of the present invention. The appended claims are intended to cover such modifications and arrangements. Thus, while the present invention has been described above with particularity, the following examples provide further detail in connection with what are presently deemed to be the most practical and preferred embodiments of the invention.

Example 1 Preparation of Disinfectant

An aqueous disinfectant composition is prepared in accordance with embodiments of the present invention, which includes the following ingredients in approximate amounts:

85 wt % distilled water containing 600 ppm by weight colloidal silver;

9 wt % ethanol; and

6 wt % peroxyacetic acid.

To the composition is added a small amount, i.e. <3 wt % based on the aqueous composition as a whole, of hydrogen peroxide to stabilize the peroxyacetic acid.

It is noted that there will be less than 600 ppm by weight of the colloidal silver when based on the aqueous vehicle content as a whole.

Example 2 Preparation of Disinfectant

An aqueous disinfectant composition is prepared in accordance with embodiments of the present invention, which includes the following ingredients in approximate amounts:

85 wt % distilled water containing 600 ppm by weight colloidal silver;

9 wt % isopropanol; and

6 wt % peroxypropanoic acid.

To the composition is added a small amount of sodium peroxide to stabilize the peroxypropanoic acid. It is noted that there will be less than 600 ppm by weight of the ionic silver when based on the aqueous vehicle content as a whole.

Example 3 Preparation of Disinfectant

An aqueous disinfectant composition is prepared in accordance with embodiments of the present invention, which includes the following ingredients in approximate amounts:

75 wt % RO water (reverse osmosis water) containing 1500 ppm by weight colloidal silver;

15 wt % ethanol; and

10 wt % peroxyacetic acid.

To the composition is added a small amount of hydrogen peroxide and acetic acid to the solution to stabilize the peracetic acid. It is noted that there will be less than 1500 ppm by weight of the colloidal silver when based on the aqueous vehicle content as a whole.

Example 4 Preparation of Disinfectant

An aqueous disinfectant composition is prepared in accordance with embodiments of the present invention, which includes the following ingredients in approximate amounts:

75 wt % distilled water containing 10000 ppm by weight colloidal silver;

20 wt % denatured alcohol; and

5 wt % peroxyformic acid.

Small amounts of hydrogen peroxide and formic acid are also added to the composition as a whole to stabilize the peroxyformic acid. It is noted that there will be less than 10000 ppm by weight of the colloidal silver when based on the aqueous vehicle content as a whole.

Example 5 Preparation of Disinfectant

An aqueous disinfectant composition is prepared in accordance with embodiments of the present invention, which includes the following ingredients in approximate amounts:

85 wt % distilled water containing 80 ppm by weight colloidal silver;

9 wt % ethanol; and

6 wt % peroxyacetic acid.

To the composition is added a small amount, i.e. <3 wt % based on the aqueous composition as a whole, of hydrogen peroxide to stabilize the peroxyacetic acid. It is noted that there will be less than 80 ppm by weight of the colloidal silver when based on the aqueous vehicle content as a whole.

Example 6 Kill-Time Studies of Staphylococcus aureus Using Disinfectant of Example 1

A study was conducted to determine the antimicrobial activity of the colloidal silver-containing disinfectant of Example 1, when challenged with an organic load, on the test organism Staphylococcus aureus. This was accomplished by performing a standard suspension test on the disinfectant containing 5% v/v horse serum. A 15 second contact time was evaluated.

Specifically, the test suspension was prepared by growing a 5 ml culture of Staphylococcus aureus, ATCC 6538, in Todd Hewitt Broth at 37° C., for 20 hours. Five (5) ml of culture was pelleted by centrifugation, washed with 5 ml sterile 18 MO water, centrifuged again, and resuspended in a final volume of 5 ml sterile water.

A neutralizer was prepared that consisted of 9 ml tubes of 12.7 wt % Tween 80 (surfactant), 6.0 wt % Tamol, 1.7 wt % lecithin, 1 wt % peptone, and 0.1 wt % cystine, to which was added 10 pd of catalase solution (Sigma, C100, 42,300 units/mg).

The “Kill Time” procedure followed was as follows: A 9.9 ml aliquot of the disinfectant of Example 1 (containing 5% v/v horse serum) was placed in a sterile 20 mm×150 mm tube, and the tube was equilibrated in a 20° C. water bath. The tube of disinfectant was inoculated with 100 μl of the test organism suspension at time zero. After 15 seconds, 1 ml of the organism/disinfectant suspension was removed to 9 ml of neutralizer. After 2 minutes, the neutralized suspension was serially diluted (1:1×10, 1:1×10², 1:1×10³, etc.) in physiological saline solution (PSS). The number of viable organisms in selected dilution tubes was assayed by membrane filtration. One (1) ml aliquots were plated in duplicate, and the membranes were washed with about 100 ml of sterile PSS and removed to Columbia agar plates. The plates were incubated at 37° C. for 20 hours. The number of colonies on each filter was counted and log reduction and percent kill values were computed.

As a control, a titer (or measurement of the amount or concentration of a substance in a solution) of the test suspension was computed by performing membrane filtration assays of selected 1:10 dilutions of the test suspension in PSS. A neutralizer control was performed by inoculating a mixture of 9 ml of neutralizer and 1 ml of disinfectant with 100 μl of the 1:10⁵ dilution of the titer. This produced about 1,500 CFU/ml in the tube, which was allowed to stand for 20 minutes prior to dilution and assay of the tubes by membrane filtration using duplicate 1 ml samples. Sterilization controls were performed by filtering 100 ml (PSS) or 1 ml (other fluids) samples of each solution used in this testing. Plates were incubated as above.

The results are provided as follows:

TABLE 1a Titer Dilution 1:1 × 10⁵ 1:1 × 10⁶ 1:1 × 10⁷ Number of TNC* TNC 111 Colonies TNC TNC 89 *TNC—Too Numerous to Count

TABLE 1b Disinfectant solution (Example 1 solution with 5% v/v horse serum) Dilution of staphylococcus/disinfectant suspension Dilution 1:1 × 10¹ 1:1 × 10² 1:1 × 10³ 15 Seconds 0 0 0 0 0 0

TABLE 1C Neutralization control Dilution undilute 1:1 × 10¹ 15 Seconds TNC 156 TNC 148

Sterilization controls indicated zero growth for the neutralizer, water, PSS, Columbia agar, disinfectant, and horse serum. Results of the titer showed a viable staphylococcus concentration of 1×10¹⁰ organisms per ml in the original suspension. Inoculation of 9.9 ml of disinfectant with 100 μl of this suspension produced an initial concentration of 1×10⁸ organisms per ml in the assay tube.

Results from these procedures allowed log reduction (LR) and percent kill (PK) values to be calculated using the formulas: 1) LR=−Log(S/So) where S=concentration of viable organisms after 45 minutes; and So=the initial concentration of viable organisms at time zero; and 2) PK=(1−(S/So))×100. These values are shown below.

TABLE 2 Results Percent Solution Contact Time Log Reduction (LR) Kill (PK) Disinfectant solution 15 sec >7.00 >99.99999 of Example 1 with 5% v/v horse serum

The neutralization control data indicated that the test solution was adequately neutralized. Observed counts were slightly greater than those expected, indicating no residual killing took place due to un-neutralized disinfectant. In general, the disinfectant solution tested here had high antimicrobial activity against Staphylococcus aureus. It is significant to note that this level of activity was achieved even though the disinfectant was premixed with an organic load consisting of 5% v/v horse serum. An organic load (such as 5% v/v horse serum) will often adversely affect the antimicrobial action of disinfectants. The solution of Example 1 was nevertheless able to effect greater than a 7 log reduction of viable organisms within 15 seconds, even in the presence of 5% v/v horse serum.

Example 7 Kill-Time Studies of Staphylococcus aureus Using Lysol® Spray

A study was conducted to determine the antimicrobial activity of a Lysol® spray disinfectant on the test organism Staphylococcus aureus. This was accomplished by performing a standard suspension test. A 15 second contact time was evaluated.

Specifically, a test organism in the form of a test suspension was prepared by growing a 5 ml culture of Staphylococcus aureus, ATCC 6538 in Todd Hewitt Broth at 37° C., for 20 hr. Five (5) ml of culture was pelleted by centrifugation, washed with five ml sterile 18 MΩ water, centrifuged again, and resuspended in a final volume of five ml sterile water.

A neutralizer was also prepared that consisted of 9 ml tubes of 12.7 wt % Tween 80, 6.0 wt % Tamol, 1.7 lecithin, 1 wt % peptone, and 0.1 wt % cystine.

The “Kill Time” procedure followed was as follows: A 9.9 ml aliquot of the disinfectant (Lysol® Brand II Disinfectant, Spring Waterfall Scent, Lot #B4194-NJ2; 1413-A3) was placed in a sterile 20 mm×150 mm tube. The tube was equilibrated in a 20° C. water bath. The tube of disinfectant was inoculated with 100 μl of the test organism suspension at time zero. After 15 seconds, 1 ml of organism/disinfectant suspension was removed to 9 ml of neutralizer. After 2 minutes, the neutralized suspension was serially diluted (1:1×10, 1:1×10², 1:1×10³, etc.) in physiological saline solution (PSS). The number of viable organisms in selected dilution tubes was assayed by membrane filtration. One (1) ml aliquots were plated in duplicate. The membranes were washed with about 100 ml of sterile PSS and removed to Columbia agar plates. The plates were incubated at 37° C. for 20 hours. The number of colonies on each filter was counted and log reduction and percent kill values were computed.

As a control, a titer of the test suspension was computed by performing membrane filtration assays of selected 1:10 dilutions of the test suspension in PSS. A neutralizer control was performed by inoculating a mixture of 9 ml of neutralizer and 1 ml of disinfectant with 100 μl of the 1:10⁵ dilution of the titer. This produced about 1,500 CFU/ml in the tube, which was allowed to stand for 20 minutes prior to dilution and assay of the tubes by membrane filtration using duplicate 1 ml samples. Sterilization controls were performed by filtering 100 ml (PSS) or 1 ml (other fluids) samples of each solution used in this testing. Plates were incubated as above.

The results are provided as follows:

TABLE 3a Titer Dilution 1:1 × 10⁵ 1:1 × 10⁶ 1:1 × 10⁷ Number of TNC* 127 15 Colonies TNC 167 13 *TNC—Too Numerous to Count

TABLE 3b Disinfectant solution (Lysol ® Spray) Dilution of staphylococcus/disinfectant suspension Dilution 1:1 × 10¹ 1:1 × 10² 1:1 × 10³ 15 Seconds 0 0 0 0 0 0

TABLE 3c Neutralization control Dilution undilute 1:1 × 10¹ 15 Seconds TNC 76 TNC 72

Sterilization controls indicated zero growth for the neutralizer, water, PSS, Columbia agar, and disinfectant. Results of the titer showed a viable staphylococcus concentration of 1.47×10⁹ organisms per ml in the original suspension. Inoculation of 9.9 ml of disinfectant with 100 μl of this suspension produced an initial concentration of 1.47×10⁷ organisms per ml in the assay tube. Results from these procedures allowed log reduction (LR) and percent kill (PK) values to be calculated using the formulas: 1) LR=−Log(S/So) where S=concentration of viable organisms after 45 minutes; and So=the initial concentration of viable organisms at time zero; and 2) PK=(1−(S/So))×100.

These values are shown in the Table 4 below.

TABLE 4 Results Solution Contact Time Log Reduction (LR) Percent Kill (PK) Lysol ® Spray 15 sec >6.17 >99.99993

The neutralization control data indicated that each test solution was adequately neutralized. Observed counts were slightly greater than those expected, indicating no residual killing took place due to un-neutralized disinfectant. In general, Lysol® Spray had high antimicrobial activity against Staphylococcus aureus. It was able to effect greater than a 6-log reduction of viable organisms within 15 seconds. As a note, this test was conducted without the horse serum organic load of Example 5.

In accordance with the present comparative example using Lysol®, it is to be noted that this example is a suspension example conducted in an enclosed environment. Because of the large amount of alcohol in Lysol®, Lysol® performs much better in the enclosed environment when compared to a typical open air use on a hard surface. Conversely, the compositions prepared in accordance with embodiments of the present invention, which can include a majority of water (which evaporates much less rapidly than alcohol), perform more similarly in suspension examples compared to open air hard surface applications. Thus, the comparison of the present Lysol® example to Example 6 shows Lysol® activity in a much more favorable light then would be present in actual use. For example, Reckitt Benckiser, who manufactures Lysol® products, advertises in their own Literature that Lysol® is able to kill 99.9% (3 Log₁₀ reduction) of bacteria (including Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA)) in 30 seconds, whereas the present suspension example shows a kill level of 99.9999% (6 Log₁₀ reductions) of Staphylococcus aureus in 15 seconds.

Example 8 Kill-Time Studies of Sporicidal Activity Using Disinfectant of Example 1

A study was conducted to determine the antimicrobial activity of the silver-containing disinfectant of Example 1 on bacterial endospores from the test organism Bacillus subtilis. This was accomplished by performing a standard kill-time suspension test using a suspension of B. subtilis endospores. In general, spores are much more difficult to kill than common bacteria.

The test organism in the form of a test suspension was prepared containing endospores from Bacillus subtilis (ATCC #19659). The endospores were specifically prepared from a culture grown on Nutrient agar, to which additional sporulation enhancements were added. Plates were harvested with sterile water and endospores were purified by repeated centrifugations and resuspensions in water. The final wash was in 70 wt % ethanol for 30 minutes, to ensure the death of all vegetative bacteria. The spores were resuspended in water containing 0.1 wt % Tween 80 to prevent clumping and stored at 4° C. until used.

A neutralizer solution was also prepared that consisted of 9 ml tubes of 12.7 wt % Tween 80, 6.0 wt % Tamol, 1.7 wt % lecithin, 1 wt % peptone, and 0.1 wt % cystine, to which 10 μl of catalase solution (Sigma, C100, 42,300 units/mg) was added immediately before use.

The “kill time” procedure was as follows: A 9.9 ml aliquot of the disinfectant was placed in a sterile glass culture tube. The tube was equilibrated in a 20° C. water bath. The tube of disinfectant was inoculated with 100 μl of the spore suspension at time zero. After 1 hour, 1 ml of spore/disinfectant suspension was removed to 9 ml of neutralizer. The tube was mixed thoroughly. After 2 minutes, the neutralized suspension was serially diluted (1:1×10, 1:1×10², 1:1×10³, etc.) in physiological saline solution (PSS). The number of viable spores in selected dilution tubes was assayed by membrane filtration. One (1) ml aliquots were plated in duplicate. The membranes were washed with about 100 ml of sterile PSS and removed to Columbia agar plates. The plates were incubated at 37° C. for 20 hours. The number of colonies on each filter was counted and log reduction and percent kill values were computed.

As a control, a titer of the test suspension was computed by performing membrane filtration assays on selected 1:10 dilutions in PSS of the test suspension. A neutralizer control was performed by inoculating a mixture of 9 ml of neutralizer and 1 ml of disinfectant with 100 μl of the 1:1×10⁵ dilution of the titer. This produced about 200 CFU/ml in the tube, which was allowed to stand for 20 minutes prior to dilution and assay by membrane filtration using duplicate 1 ml samples.

The results are provided as follows:

TABLE 5a Titer Dilution 1:1 × 10⁶ 1:1 × 10⁷ 1:1 × 10⁸ Number of TNC* 210 8 Colonies TNC 37 14 *TNC—Too Numerous to Count

TABLE 5b Disinfectant solution (Example 1) Dilution of B. subtilis spores/disinfectant suspension Dilution 1:1 × 10² 1:1 × 10³ 1:1 × 10⁴ 5 minutes 13 4 0 18 2 0

TABLE 5c Disinfectant solution (Example 1) Dilution of B. subtilis spores/disinfectant suspension Dilution 1:1 × 10¹ 1:1 × 10² 1:1 × 10³ 1:1 × 10⁴ 10 minutes 24 2 0 0 37 2 1 0

TABLE 5d Disinfectant solution (Example 1) Dilution of B. subtilis spores/disinfectant suspension Dilution 1:1 × 10¹ 1:1 × 10² 1:1 × 10³ 15 minutes 0 0 0 0 0 0

TABLE 5e Neutralization control Dilution undilute 1:1 × 10¹ 15 Seconds 185 12 214 25

Sterilization controls indicated zero growth for the water, PSS, Columbia agar, and disinfectant. Results of the titer showed a viable B. subtilis spore concentration of 1.24×10⁹ spores per ml in the original suspension. Inoculation of 9.9 ml of disinfectant with 100 μl of this suspension produced an initial concentration of 1.24×10⁷ spores per ml in the assay tube. Results from these procedures allowed log reduction (LR) and percent kill (PK) values to be calculated using the formulas: 1) LR=−Log(S/So) where S=concentration of viable organisms after 1 hour, and So=the initial concentration of viable organisms at time zero; and 2) PK=(1−(S/So))×100. These values are shown below in Table 6.

TABLE 6 Results Solution Contact Time Log Reduction (LR) Percent Kill (PK) Example 1  5 min 3.90 99.9875 Example 1 10 min 4.61 99.9975 Example 1 15 min >6.09 99.99992

Neutralization control data revealed that the neutralizer was able to adequately neutralize this disinfectant. Observed counts were greater than those expected. The solution of Example 1 had relatively high sporicidal activity, producing greater than a 6-log reduction within 15 minutes. B. subtilis is a common species used in sporicidal testing and belongs to the same genus as the organism that causes anthrax. In other words, because of their genetic similarities, B. subtilis spores have been used as non-pathogenic surrogates for spores of Bacillus anthracis.

Example 9 Kill-Time Studies of Francisella tularensis Using Disinfectant of Example 2

A study was conducted to determine the antimicrobial activity of the silver-containing disinfectant of Example 2 on Francisella tularensis bacteria, the etiologic agent of tularemia. This was accomplished by performing a standard kill-time suspension test using a suspension of fully virulent F. tularensis bacteria.

As the organism is a CDC select agent, all tests were performed in a Biosafety Level 3 (BSL-3) laboratory by personnel trained in BSL-3 practices and procedures.

The test organism in the form of a test suspension was prepared containing F. tularensis bacteria (isolate#: 02-1103a). The suspension was prepared as follows: Four Trypticase Soy Agar plates with 0.1% cysteine and 5% sheep blood (TSACB) were lawn-inoculated from isolated colonies on a production plate that had been gram-stained to insure purity. The plates were incubated at 37° C. for 48 hours. The growth on each of four plates was scraped into suspension using three ml of physiological saline solution (PSS) and a bent loop. The suspension was pipetted into a 50 ml conical centrifuge tube. Suspensions from all four plates were collected into a single tube. The tube was centrifuged in an aerosol tight rotor at 3,845×g for seven minutes. The supernatant solution was removed and the pellet was re-suspended in 4 ml of PSS. The suspension was held at 4° C. until used.

A neutralizer solution was also prepared that consisted of 9 ml tubes of 12.7 wt % Tween 80, 6.0 wt % Tamol, 1.7 wt % lecithin, 1 wt % peptone, 1.0 wt % cysteine, and 500 mM Tris (pH 7.7), to which 100 μl of catalase solution (Sigma, C100, 42,300 units/mg) was added immediately before use.

The “kill time” procedure was as follows: A 9.9 ml aliquot of the disinfectant described in Example 2 was placed in a sterile glass culture tube. The tube was equilibrated in a 20° C. water bath. The tube of disinfectant was inoculated with 1.0 ml of the test organism suspension at time zero. After 15 seconds and 30 seconds 1 ml of test organism/disinfectant suspension was removed to 9 ml of neutralizer. The tube was mixed thoroughly. After 2 minutes, the neutralized suspension was serially diluted (1:10, 1:1×10², 1:1×10³, etc.) in physiological saline solution (PSS). The number of viable spores in selected dilution tubes was assayed by membrane filtration. One (1) ml aliquots were plated in duplicate. The membranes were washed with about 100 ml of sterile PSS and removed to TSACB agar plates. The plates were incubated at 37° C. for 72 hours. The number of colonies on each filter was counted and log reduction and percent kill values were computed.

As a control, a titer of the test suspension was computed by performing membrane filtration assays on selected 1:10 dilutions in PSS of the test suspension. A neutralizer control was performed by inoculating a mixture of 9 ml of neutralizer and 1 ml of disinfectant with 100 μl of the 1:1×10⁵ dilution of the titer. This produced about 7,110 colony forming units (CFU)/ml in the tube, which was allowed to stand for 20 minutes prior to dilution and assay by membrane filtration using duplicate 1 ml samples.

The results are provided as follows:

TABLE 7a Titer Dilution 1:1 × 10⁶ 1:1 × 10⁷ 1:1 × 10⁸ 1:1 × 10⁹ Number of TNC* TNC TNC 68 Colonies TNC TNC TNC 77 *TNC—Too Numerous to Count

TABLE 7b Disinfectant solution (Example 2) Dilution of F. tularensis/disinfectant suspension Dilution 1:1 × 10¹ 1:1 × 10² 15 Seconds 0 0 0 0 30 Seconds 0 0 0 0

TABLE 7c Neutralization control Undiluted 1:10 TNC 588 TNC 558

Results of the titer showed a viable F. tularensis concentration of 7.25×10¹⁰ CFU per ml in the original suspension. Inoculation of 9.0 ml of disinfectant with 1.0 ml of this suspension produced an initial concentration of 7.25×10⁹ CFU per ml in the assay tube. Results from these procedures allowed log reduction

(LR) and percent kill (PK) values to be calculated using the formulas: 1) LR=−Log(S/So) where S=concentration of viable organisms after the specified contact time, and So=the initial concentration of viable organisms at time zero; and 2) PK=(1−(S/So))×100. These values are shown below in Table 8.

TABLE 8 Results Solution Contact Time Log Reduction (LR) Percent Kill (PK) Example 2 15 Seconds >8.86 99.99999986 Example 2 30 Seconds >8.86 99.99999986

Neutralization control data revealed counts that were similar to those expected; a mean of 573 CFU were obtained and about 711 CFU were expected. This indicates that the neutralizer solution employed successfully neutralized the disinfectant solution in these tests. The solution demonstrated a relatively rapid kill rate of F. tularensis. It was able to produce greater than an eight-log reduction within 15 seconds, which was complete kill in the system employed.

Example 10 Kill-Time Studies of Yersinia pestis Using the Disinfectant of Example 2

A study was conducted to determine the antimicrobial activity of the silver-containing disinfectant of Example 2 on Yersinia pestis bacteria, the etiologic agent of plague. This was accomplished by performing a standard kill-time suspension test using a suspension of fully virulent Y. pestis bacteria. As the organism is a CDC select agent, all tests were performed in a Biosafety Level 3 (BSL-3) laboratory by personnel trained in BSL-3 practices and procedures.

The test organism in the form of a test suspension containing Y. pestis bacteria (isolate#: 83-1880a) was prepared as follows: Four Columbia Agar plates were lawn-inoculated from isolated colonies on a production plate that had been gram-stained to insure purity. The plates were incubated at 28° C. with 5% CO₂ for 48 hours. The growth on each of four plates was scraped into suspension using three ml of physiological saline solution (PSS) and a bent loop. The suspension was pipetted into a 50 ml conical centrifuge tube. Each plate was rinsed with an additional two ml of PSS, which was also added to the 50 ml tube. Suspensions from all four plates were collected into a single tube. The tube was centrifuged in an aerosol tight rotor at 3,845×g for seven minutes. The supernatant solution was removed and the pellet was re-suspended in 4 ml of PSS. The suspension was held at 4° C. until used.

A neutralizer solution was also prepared that consisted of 9 ml tubes of 12.7 wt % Tween 80, 6.0 wt % Tamol, 1.7 wt % lecithin, 1 wt % peptone, 1.0 wt % cysteine, and 500 mM Tris (pH 7.7), to which 100 μl of catalase solution (Sigma, C100, 42,300 units/mg) was added immediately before use.

The “kill time” procedure was as follows: A 9.9 ml aliquot of the disinfectant described in Example 2 was placed in a sterile glass culture tube. The tube was equilibrated in a 20° C. water bath. The tube of disinfectant was inoculated with 1.0 ml of the test organism suspension at time zero. After 15 seconds and 30 seconds 1 ml of test organism/disinfectant suspension was removed to 9 ml of neutralizer. The tube was mixed thoroughly. After 2 minutes, the neutralized suspension was serially diluted (1:10, 1:1×10², 1:1×10³, etc.) in physiological saline solution (PSS). The number of viable spores in selected dilution tubes was assayed by membrane filtration. One (1) ml aliquots were plated in duplicate. The membranes were washed with about 100 ml of sterile PSS and removed to Columbia agar plates. The plates were incubated at 37° C. with 5% CO₂ for 48 hours. The number of colonies on each filter was counted and log reduction and percent kill values were computed.

As a control, a titer of the test suspension was computed by performing membrane filtration assays on selected 1:10 dilutions in PSS of the test suspension. A neutralizer control was performed by inoculating a mixture of 9 ml of neutralizer and 1 ml of disinfectant with 100 μl of the 1:1×10⁵ dilution of the titer. This produced about 3,380 colony forming units (CFU)/ml in the tube, which was allowed to stand for 20 minutes prior to dilution and assay by membrane filtration using duplicate 1 ml samples.

The results are provided as follows:

TABLE 9a Titer Dilution 1:1 × 10⁶ 1:1 × 10⁷ 1:1 × 10⁸ 1:1 × 10⁹ Number of TNC* TNC 260 31 Colonies TNC TNC 267 38 *TNC—Too Numerous to Count

TABLE 9b Disinfectant solution (Example 2) Dilution of Y. pestis/disinfectant suspension Dilution 1:1 × 10¹ 1:1 × 10² 15 Seconds 0 0 0 0 30 Seconds 0 0 0 0

TABLE 9c Neutralization control Undiluted 1:10 TNC 53 TNC 60

Results of the titer showed a viable Y. pestis concentration of 3.45×10¹⁰ CFU per ml in the original suspension. Inoculation of 9.0 ml of disinfectant with 1.0 ml of this suspension produced an initial concentration of 3.45×10⁹ CFU per ml in the assay tube. Results from these procedures allowed log reduction (LR) and percent kill (PK) values to be calculated using the formulas: 1) LR=−Log(S/So) where S=concentration of viable organisms after the specified contact time, and So=the initial concentration of viable organisms at time zero; and 2) PK=(1−(S/So))×100. These values are shown below in Table 10.

TABLE 10 Results Solution Contact Time Log Reduction (LR) Percent Kill (PK) Example 2 15 Seconds >8.54 99.9999997 Example 2 30 Seconds >8.54 99.9999997

Neutralization control data revealed counts that were similar to those expected; a mean of 57 CFU were obtained and about 338 CFU were expected. As this same neutralizer formulation successfully neutralized the disinfectant of Example 2 in tests with other organisms, studies were initiated to discover any Y. pestis-specific toxicity that might be inherent in this neutralizer. The disinfectant of Example 2 demonstrated a relatively rapid kill rate of Y. pestis. It was able to produce greater than eight-log reduction within 15 seconds, which was complete kill in the system employed.

Example 11 Kill-Time Studies of Brucella abortus Using the Disinfectant of Example 2

A study was conducted to determine the antimicrobial activity of the silver-containing disinfectant of Example 2 on Brucella abortus bacteria, the etiologic agent of undulant fever or brucellosis. This was accomplished by performing a standard kill-time suspension test using a suspension of fully virulent B. abortus bacteria. As the organism is a CDC select agent, all tests were performed in a Biosafety Level 3 (BSL-3) laboratory by personnel trained in BSL-3 practices and procedures.

The test organism in the form of a test suspension containing B. abortus bacteria (698 strain 544) was prepared as follows: Four Brucella Blood Agar (BBA) plates were lawn-inoculated from isolated colonies on a production plate that had been gram-stained to insure purity. The plates were incubated at 37° C. with 5% CO₂ for 48 hours. The growth on each of four plates was scraped into suspension using three ml of physiological saline solution (PSS) and a bent loop. The suspension was pipetted into a 50 ml conical centrifuge tube. Each plate was rinsed with an additional two ml of PSS, which was also added to the 50 ml tube. Suspensions from all four plates were collected into a single tube. The tube was centrifuged in an aerosol tight rotor at 3,845×g for seven minutes. The supernatant solution was removed and the pellet was re-suspended in 4 ml of PSS. The suspension was held at 4° C. until used.

A neutralizer solution was also prepared that consisted of 9 ml tubes of 12.7 wt % Tween 80, 6.0 wt % Tamol, 1.7 wt % lecithin, 1 wt % peptone, 1.0 wt % cysteine, and 500 mM Tris (pH 7.7), to which 100 μl of catalase solution (Sigma, C100, 42,300 units/mg) was added immediately before use.

The “kill time” procedure was as follows: A 9.9 ml aliquot of the disinfectant described in Example 2 was placed in a sterile glass culture tube. The tube was equilibrated in a 20° C. water bath. The tube of disinfectant was inoculated with 1.0 ml of the test organism suspension at time zero. After 15 seconds and 30 seconds 1 ml of test organism/disinfectant suspension was removed to 9 ml of neutralizer. The tube was mixed thoroughly. After 2 minutes, the neutralized suspension was serially diluted (1:10, 1:1×10², 1:1×10³, etc.) in physiological saline solution (PSS). The number of viable spores in selected dilution tubes was assayed by membrane filtration. One (1) ml aliquots were plated in duplicate. The membranes were washed with about 100 ml of sterile PSS and removed to Columbia agar plates. The plates were incubated at 37° C. with 5% CO₂ for 48 hours. The number of colonies on each filter was counted and log reduction and percent kill values were computed.

As a control, a titer of the test suspension was computed by performing membrane filtration assays on selected 1:10 dilutions in PSS of the test suspension. A neutralizer control was performed by inoculating a mixture of 9 ml of neutralizer and 100 ml of disinfectant with 100 μl of the 1:1×10⁶ dilution of the titer. This produced about 290 colony forming units (CFU)/ml in the tube, which was allowed to stand for 20 minutes prior to dilution and assay by membrane filtration using duplicate 1 ml samples.

The results are provided as follows:

TABLE 11a Titer Dilution 1:1 × 10⁷ 1:1 × 10⁸ 1:1 × 10⁹ Number of TNC* 260 290 Colonies TNC 267 301 *TNC—Too Numerous to Count

TABLE 11b Disinfectant solution (Example 2) Dilution of B. abortus/disinfectant suspension Dilution 1:1 × 10¹ 1:1 × 10² 15 Seconds 1 0 0 0 30 Seconds 0 0 0 0

TABLE 11c Neutralization control Undiluted 1:10 TNC 200 TNC 183

Results of the titer showed a viable B. abortus concentration of 2.96×10¹¹ CFU per ml in the original suspension. Inoculation of 9.0 ml of disinfectant with 1.0 ml of this suspension produced an initial concentration of 2.96×10¹⁰ CFU per ml in the assay tube. Results from these procedures allowed log reduction (LR) and percent kill (PK) values to be calculated using the formulas: 1) LR=−Log(S/So) where S=concentration of viable organisms after the specified contact time, and So=the initial concentration of viable organisms at time zero; and 2) PK=(1−(S/So))×100. These values are shown below in Table 12.

TABLE 12 Results Solution Contact Time Log Reduction (LR) Percent Kill (PK) Example 2 15 Seconds >9.74 99.99999997 Example 2 30 Seconds >9.74 99.99999997

Neutralization control data revealed counts that were similar to those expected; a mean of 1,915 CFU were obtained and about 290 CFU were expected. This indicates that the neutralization solution employed successfully neutralized the disinfectant of Example 2 in these tests. The disinfectant of Example 2 demonstrated a relatively rapid kill rate of B. abortus. It was able to produce greater than nine-log reduction within 15 seconds, which was nearly complete kill in the system employed.

Example 12 Kill-Time Studies of Bacillus anthracis Using the Disinfectant of Example 2

A study was conducted to determine the antimicrobial activity of the silver-containing disinfectant of Example 2 on bacterial endospores from the test organism Bacillus anthracis bacteria. This was accomplished by performing a standard kill-time suspension test using purified endospores from a fully virulent B anthracis isolate. Because large concentrations of virulent spores were used, all tests were performed in a Biosafety Level 3 (BSL-3) laboratory by personnel trained in BSL-3 practices and procedures.

The test organism in the form of a test suspension containing endospores from B anthracis (A0256) was prepared from four 250 ml cultures grown in Leighton Doi medium in 2 L Ehrlenmeyer flasks. The flasks were shaken at 100 RPM at 37° C. for 3-5 days until 90% sporulation was achieved, as monitored by phase-contrast microscopy. Spores were harvested and washed three times with sterile HPLC water, and stored at 4° C. overnight. Three additional washes were performed, allowing the suspension to stand at 4° C. overnight between each wash. The spores were re-suspended in a total of 80 ml of sterile HPLC water until used.

A neutralizer solution was also prepared that consisted of 9 ml tubes of 12.7 wt % Tween 80, 6.0 wt % Tamol, 1.7 wt % lecithin, 1 wt % peptone, 1.0 wt % cystine, and 500 mM Tris (pH 7.7), to which 100 μl of catalase solution (Sigma, C100, 42,300 units/mg) was added immediately before use.

The “kill time” procedure was as follows: A 4.5 ml aliquot of the disinfectant described in Example 2 was placed in a sterile glass culture tube. The tube was equilibrated in a 20° C. water bath. The tube of disinfectant was inoculated with 0.5 ml of the spore suspension at time zero. After 15 seconds and 30 seconds 1 ml of spore/disinfectant suspension was removed to 9 ml of neutralizer. The tube was mixed thoroughly. After 2 minutes, the neutralized suspension was serially diluted (1:10, 1:1×10², 1:1×10³, etc.) in physiological saline solution (PSS). The number of viable spores in selected dilution tubes was assayed by membrane filtration. One (1) ml aliquots were plated in duplicate. The membranes were washed with about 100 ml of sterile PSS and removed to Columbia agar plates. The plates were incubated at 37° C. for 20 hours. The number of colonies on each filter was counted and log reduction and percent kill values were computed.

As a control, a titer of the test suspension was computed by performing membrane filtration assays on selected 1:10 dilutions in PSS of the test suspension. A neutralizer control was performed by inoculating a mixture of 9 ml of neutralizer and 1 ml of disinfectant with 100 μl of the 1:1×10⁵ dilution of the titer. This produced about 360 colony forming units (CFU)/ml in the tube, which was allowed to stand for 20 minutes prior to dilution and assay by membrane filtration using duplicate 1 ml samples.

The results are provided as follows:

TABLE 13a Titer Dilution 1:1 × 10⁶ 1:1 × 10⁷ 1:1 × 10⁸ 1:1 × 10⁹ Number of TNC* TNC 34 1 Colonies TNC TNC 40 4 *TNC—Too Numerous to Count

TABLE 13b Disinfectant solution (Example 2) Dilution of B. anthracis spores/disinfectant suspension Dilution 1:1 × 10¹ 1:1 × 10² 1:1 × 10³ 15 Seconds TNC 149  6 TNC 99 18 30 Seconds 4 0 — 2 0 —

TABLE 13c Neutralization control Undiluted 1:10 TNC 64 TNC 61

Results of the titer showed a viable B. anthracis spore concentration of 3.70×10⁹ spores per ml in the original suspension. Inoculation of 4.5 ml of disinfectant with 1.0 ml of this suspension produced an initial concentration of 3.70×10⁸ spores per ml in the assay tube. Results from these procedures allowed log reduction (LR) and percent kill (PK) values to be calculated using the formulas: 1) LR=−Log(S/So) where S=concentration of viable organisms after the specified contact time, and So=the initial concentration of viable organisms at time zero; and 2) PK=(1−(S/So))×100. These values are shown below in Table 14.

TABLE 14 Results Solution Contact Time Log Reduction (LR) Percent Kill (PK) Example 2 15 Seconds 4.48 99.997 Example 2 30 Seconds 7.09 99.999992

Neutralization control data revealed that the neutralizer was able to adequately neutralize this disinfectant. Observed counts were greater than those expected (63 vs. 36 respectively). The disinfectant of Example 2 had relatively rapid sporicidal activity against anthrax spores. It was able to produce greater than a seven log reduction in 30 seconds, which is close to complete kill in the system employed. The disinfectant of Example 2 displayed an extremely fast kill rate on B. anthracis spores, compared with other common chemical disinfectants. To put this in perspective, previous data using spores from this same isolate showing tha alkaline glutaraldehyde (diluted to its minimum effective concentration of 1.5%) required 50 minutes to perform a six-log reduction.

Example 13 Kill-Time Studies of Sporicidal Activity Using 2.4% Alkaline Glutaraldehyde Disinfectant

A study was conducted to determine the antimicrobial activity of a 2.4% alkaline glutaraldehyde disinfectant on bacterial endospores from the test organism Bacillus subtilis. Glutaraldehyde disinfectant solution is a common disinfectant used in hospitals to kill bacteria and other pathogens that might otherwise be difficult to kill. This study was carried out by performing a standard kill-time suspension test using a suspension of B. subtilis endospores. A 15 minute contact time was evaluated.

A test suspension containing endospores from Bacillus subtilis (ATCC #19659) was prepared from a culture grown on Nutrient agar, to which additional sporulation enhancements were added. Plates were harvested with sterile water and endospores were purified by repeated centrifugations and resuspensions in water. The final wash was in 70 wt % ethanol for 30 minutes, to ensure the death of all vegetative bacteria. The spores were resuspended in water containing 0.1 wt % Tween 80 to prevent clumping and stored at 4° C. until used.

A neutralizer was prepared that consisted of 1 ml of freshly made, filter-sterilized sodium bisulfite solution at 5.28 wt %.

The “kill time” procedure was as follows: A 9.9 ml aliquot of the disinfectant was placed in a sterile glass culture tube. The tube was equilibrated in a 20° C. water bath. The tube of disinfectant, 9 ml of 2.4 wt % alkaline glutaraldehyde (Freshly activated CIDEXPLUS, 3.4%, Lot #:2002247TP-diluted to 2.4 wt % with sterile water), was inoculated with 100 μl of the test organism suspension at time zero. After 15 min, 1 ml of spore/disinfectant suspension was removed to 9 ml of neutralizer. The tube was mixed thoroughly. After 2 minutes, the neutralized suspension was serially diluted (1:1×10, 1:1×10², 1:1×10³, etc.) in physiological saline solution (PSS). The number of viable spores in selected dilution tubes was assayed by membrane filtration. One (1) ml aliquots were plated in duplicate. The membranes were washed with about 100 ml of sterile PSS and removed to Columbia agar plates. The plates were incubated at 37° C. for 20 hours. The number of colonies on each filter was counted and log reduction and percent kill values were computed.

As a control, a titer of the test suspension was computed by performing membrane filtration assays on selected 1:10 dilutions in PSS of the test suspension.

A neutralizer control was performed by inoculating a mixture of 1 ml of neutralizer and 1 ml of disinfectant with 100 μl of the 1:1×10⁵ dilution of the titer. This produced about 450 CFU/ml in the tube, which was allowed to stand for 20 minutes prior to dilution and assay by membrane filtration using duplicate 1 ml samples.

The results are provided as follows:

TABLE 15a Titer Dilution 1:1 × 10⁶ 1:1 × 10⁷ 1:1 × 10⁸ Number of TNC* 96 0 Colonies TNC 93 0 *TNC—Too Numerous to Count

TABLE 15b Disinfectant solution (2.4 wt % alkaline glutaraldehyde disinfectant) Dilution of B. subtilis spores/disinfectant suspension Dilution 1:1 × 10¹ 1:1 × 10² 1:1 × 10³ 1:1 × 10⁴ 15 minutes TNC TNC TNC 259 TNC TNC TNC 52

TABLE 15C Neutralization control Dilution 1:1 × 10¹ 1:1 × 10² 15 Seconds 72 1 70 4

Sterilization controls indicated zero growth for the glutaraldehyde, sodium bisulfite, water, PSS, and Columbia agar. Results of the titer showed a viable B. subtilis spore concentration of 9.45×10⁸ spores per ml in the original suspension. Inoculation of 9.9 ml of disinfectant with 100 μl of this suspension produced an initial concentration of 9.45×10⁶ spores per ml in the assay tube. Results from these procedures allowed log reduction (LR) and percent kill (PK) values to be calculated using the formulas: 1) LR=−Log(S/So) where S=concentration of viable organisms after 1 hour, and So=the initial concentration of viable organisms at time zero; and 2) PK=(1−(S/So))×100. These values are shown below in Table 16.

TABLE 16 Results Solution Contact Time Log Reduction (LR) Percent Kill (PK) Alkaline 15 min 0.48 67.1 glutaraldehyde

Neutralization control data revealed that the neutralizer was able to adequately neutralize this disinfectant. Observed counts were greater than those expected. The 2.4 wt % alkaline glutaraldehyde solution tested had relatively slow sporicidal activity, producing only a 0.48 log-reduction in 15 minutes.

While the invention has been described with reference to certain preferred embodiments, those skilled in the art will appreciate that various modifications, changes, omissions, and substitutions can be made without departing from the spirit of the invention. It is therefore intended that the invention be limited only by the scope of the appended claims. 

1. A disinfectant composition, comprising an aqueous vehicle and from 0.001 ppm to 50,000 ppm by weight of a transition metal or alloy thereof based on the aqueous vehicle content, said disinfectant providing a kill level of log 4 or greater within 15 seconds of contact against a target of Staphylococcus aureus bacteria, Francisella tularensis bacteria, Yersinia pestis bacteria, Brucella abortus bacteria, or endospores from Bacillus anthracis bacteria.
 2. A disinfectant as in claim 1, wherein the target is Staphylococcus aureus bacteria.
 3. A disinfectant as in claim 2, wherein upon contact with the target the kill level is greater than log 5 after 15 seconds.
 4. A disinfectant as in claim 2, wherein upon contact with the target the kill level is greater than log 6 after 15 seconds.
 5. A disinfectant as in claim 2, wherein upon contact with the target the kill level is greater than log 7 after 15 seconds.
 6. A disinfectant as in claim 1, wherein the target is Francisella tularensis bacteria.
 7. A disinfectant as in claim 6, wherein upon contact with the target the kill level is greater than log 5 after 15 seconds.
 8. A disinfectant as in claim 6, wherein upon contact with the target the kill level is greater than log 6 after 15 seconds.
 9. A disinfectant as in claim 6, wherein upon contact with the target the kill level is greater than log 7 after 15 seconds.
 10. A disinfectant as in claim 6, wherein upon contact with the target the kill level is greater than log 8 after 15 seconds.
 11. A disinfectant as in claim 6, wherein upon contact with the target the kill level is greater than log 8 after 15 seconds.
 12. A disinfectant as in claim 8, wherein the target is Brucella abortus bacteria.
 13. A disinfectant as in claim 12, wherein upon contact with the target the kill level is greater than log 9 after 15 seconds.
 14. A disinfectant as in claim 13, wherein the peracid is present at from 0.001 wt % to 25 wt % as part of the aqueous vehicle.
 15. A disinfectant as in claim 13, wherein the peracid is selected form the group consisting of an aliphatic peroxyacid and an aromatic peroxyacid.
 16. A disinfectant as in claim 13, wherein the peroxide is selected from the group consisting of hydrogen peroxide, a metal hydroxide or a peroxyhydrate.
 17. A disinfectant as in claim 13, wherein the peroxide is generated in situ from sodium percarbonate.
 18. A disinfectant as in claim 13, wherein the peroxide is present at from 0.001 wt % to 10 wt % as part of the aqueous vehicle.
 19. A disinfectant as in claim 13, wherein the peroxide is a metal hydroxide selected from the group consisting of sodium peroxide, magnesium peroxide, calcium peroxide, barium peroxide, and strontium peroxide, and mixtures thereof.
 20. A disinfectant as in claim 1, wherein the target is Yersinia pestis bacteria.
 21. A disinfectant as in claim 1, wherein the target is endospores from Bacillus anthracis bacteria.
 22. A disinfectant as in claim 21, wherein upon contact with the target the kill level is greater than log 7 after 30 seconds.
 23. A disinfectant as in claim 1, wherein the aqueous vehicle comprises water, from 0.001 wt % to 50 wt % of a peracid, and from 0.001 wt % to 25 wt % of a peroxide.
 24. A disinfectant as in claim 23, wherein the disinfectant further comprises from 0.001 wt % to 95 wt % C₁-C₂₄ alcohol as part of the aqueous vehicle.
 25. A disinfectant as in claim 23, wherein the transition metal or alloy thereof is a Group VI to Group XI transition metal or alloy thereof.
 26. A disinfectant as in claim 23, wherein the transition metal or alloy thereof is a colloidal transition metal or alloy thereof.
 27. A disinfectant as in claim 23, wherein the colloidal transition metal is colloidal silver. 